Breast Cancer Speech

Breast Cancer The topic of cancer is a very sensitive one. Cancer is a disease of which in many cases is fatal and has affected the lives of many and sadly will continue to affect the lives of many more. I chose to explore the topic of breast cancer because it is one of personal interest to me. This topic interests me for various reasons but mainly because breast cancer is most prone to and extremely common in women of all ages and I myself am a young woman growing up in society. As shown in recent statistics———————–.I also wanted to make others aware of the harsh reality of breast cancer and expose them to some of the true emotions experienced by the victims and their loved ones. My I. A. is based on how a woman’s life is affected by being diagnoses with breast cancer. It explores the emotional impact on her and the way in which she handles this difficult time in her life. It also shows the support given to her by her be st friend who goes through this difficult time with her. Just as in the story many women are being diagnosed with breast cancer everyday and as said before, unfortunately it is extremely prominent and common in females.Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800sCancer not only affects the lives of the patient but also their many loved ones or anyone close to them for that matter. It is a disease which can affect the emotional, social and financial well being of an individual. When an individual is diagnosed with breast cancer or any cancer at all their lives and lifestyles can change drastically over a short period of time. These changes are usually for the worst. It may take a lot of time together with love and support to restore lives back to their normal order or as close to it as possible.Some of the difficulties experienced in writing about this topic were being able to capture actual emotions of a cancer patient and the effects on their loved ones. While it was almost extremely easy t o think of some of the possible emotional effects of cancer, it was a difficult task to actually transfer their emotions to paper. I was able to overcome this difficulty by reading actual articles written by real cancer victims on the internet. By reading their articles I was able to internalize and better understand some of their emotions. With this being said, the internet was my main source of information.I visited sites which contained both fictional and factual articles on cancer patients. The internet was a great source because I was able to pull both recent and dated information and even future estimated statistics. My other sources where books written about breast cancer patients. Those too were good sources because they provided great facts and true emotions. In general all sources used seemed to be extremely reliable as they provided information written by experts and they provided statistics from many researches which were all fairly dated. In conclusion, breast cancer is a topic of great interest to me because of its effects on women.Although there were some difficulties experienced in expressing the real emotion of breast cancer patients, I was able to overcome that with the use of reliable sources and information. I have personally been able to learn a great deal from the exploration of this topic. I am now aware of the reality of this disease and the tragedy it brings to a family. As a young woman growing up in society I will try my best to prevent the contraction of this disease in any way possible and I hope that readers both locally and internationally, will assist in the promotion in breast cancer awareness and education.

Effects of Music on Counsumer Behavior

The idea of using music as a way of advertising goes all the way back to colonial times when street vendors hawked their good to the tune of a melodic chant. Of course we also know that music has been used often as a way of fixing a product in our mind. A memorable tune that â€Å"sticks in your mind† is the marketer's dream. Music that is written for a company or industry often benefits the entire industry. One of the first industry wide musical plugs (no pun intended) was for the tobacco industry through songs such as the 1836 song Think ; Smoke Tobacco, by John Ashton and Pipe de Tabac by John Hewitt.Lyrics also play an important part in the use of music as advertising. Just as a catchy tune could attack your senses, a good â€Å"jingle† or cute lyrics could become a part of society for quite some time. The power of this form of advertising is just formidable. Consumer researchers have found emotional response to advertisement, by consumers. Background music is one o f the major component influencing audience responses to certain products that they buy. Popular music in television commercials is nothing new.In fact, television advertising right from its very beginning in the early 1950s has relied heavily on music to get people’s attention, set a mood, creates the right brand image and sells the advertiser's product. The reason why is simple it works. Music plays an important role on individuals belonging to various cultural backgrounds. Music can relax us, excite us, make us want to get up and dance or simply involve ourselves by listening. That's what makes it such a powerful tool in advertising. Very often, more recognizable songs are used as background usic to set a mood or to help establish an image for the product. Early television commercials in the 1950s featured well known classical masterpieces as background music, to attract consumers towards their product. Advertisers later on expanded themselves into jazz and rhythm and blues . Soon TV commercials were featuring songs like Duke Ellington's â€Å"Satin Doll† and Gershwin's â€Å"Rhapsody in Blue† as background music to help sell a variety of different products. Music plays the following role Entertainment:Music contributes to the effectiveness of an advertisement by making it more attractive. A good ad always tries to engage the attention of an audience, and makes it entertaining for them. To an extent all music broadcasted on commercial ads as well as radio serves as a loss leader. Any music can potentially act in this role of entertainment. Moreover, the music need not necessarily be evident of any special attraction with a particular product or service in order to play an effective and useful function. Structure/Continuity: Music can be used in various structural roles.As a structural role, music helps in tying jointly a sequence of visual images and series of dramatic episodes, narrative voice-overs, and a list of product appeals. This i s the function of continuity. Memory ability: Music should be such in advertisements that it increases the Memorability of the product's name. Consumers are known to favor products which give some degree of recognition or familiarity, even if it is merely the product's name. Thus, the association of music with the identity of a certain product may greatly aid in product recall. Lyrical Language:A fourth technique of musical enhancement is the use of lyrical language. Vocal music permits the conveyance of a verbal message in a non spoken way. Language utterances can sound much less naive or self-indulgent when couched within a musical phrase rather than simply spoken. An individual can respectably sing things which would sound utterly trite if said. Targeting: Once an appropriate medium is chosen, second considerations are targeting the consumer, thereby engaging or charm those viewers who constitute the target demographic group. Music has long been identified with various social and demographic groups.Musical style therefore assists in targeting a specific market. The style may function as a socioeconomic identifier or may act as a device for addressing a specific group of audience. Authority Establishment: Music enhances to the credibility of the product in this way that establishes its authority. A simple way of establishing authority is through expert testimony. Authority may also be fostered through testimonials of non-technical authorities . Thus to an extent to succeed in advertising an audience, should also be kept in mind , advertising done must also have genuity in it.Music affects shopper time perception: Several studies indicate that music can effectively reduce anxiety, increase positive mood ratings, alleviate depression, and decrease frustration. Music has also been seen to influence consumer’s time perception. Standing in queues listening to the right kind of music makes the waiting experience more pleasant and entertaining hence reducing the perception of time in store. Music helps in making impulsive purchases: Music helps consumers associate some feelings or emotions such as joy, love, fear, hope, sexuality, fantasy and helps in developing a mood for shopping.Music also helps in creating an impulsive environment that can be extremely beneficial to the consumers in selecting a particular product. Increase brand loyalty: Music helps in enhancing brand loyalty in a way that it integrates the meaning of a message of the particular brand thus creating brand loyalty amongst the customers. Music is a positive addition to the consumer environment: Music plays an important role by creating a positive environment, under which all consumers are influenced by music.Example: When an individual enter the shop of K;N’s the jingle of the brand keeps on playing thus creating a positive effect on the consumer . Music has also been used to induce either a pleasant or unpleasant affective state and examine its Interaction wit h the affective tone of an advertisement (Gorn, Pham, ; Sin 2001). Both arousal, pleasure can be manipulated with music. Music and Congruence: Park and Young (1986) examined the effect of music (present, absent) and three types of involvement (low involvement, cognitive involvement, affective involvement) on the formation of attitudes towards a brand in the context of TV commercials.Music increased the brand attitude for subjects In the low involvement condition but had a distracting effect for those in the cognitive involvement condition. Its effect for those in the affective involvement condition was not clear. They argue that music acted as a peripheral persuasion cue. When the music was attention grabbing it pulled listener’s attention away from the message and negatively influenced recall. The no music ads performed as well or better than the musical ads in terms of recall and recognition.Thus the relationship between the fit of the mood, induced music (happy/sad) develo ped the purchase decision for the customer. USES OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF MUSIC Fast or slow music in a retail environment Research found out that people move steadily when slow rhythm music is played. Study was conducted in two supermarkets found a huge increase in sales when slow rhythm music was played: â€Å"In that study the gross sales increased from $12,112 for the fast rhythm music to $16,740 for the slow rhythm music. This is an increase of 38%. In addition to it â€Å"Customers moved slowly when soft music was played, taking 128 seconds, and faster when fast music was played, taking 109 seconds. † Same results have been observed in restaurants: customers tend to persist when the music is slow and soft. Where you don't want people to linger, you could be better off playing loud, fast tempo music especially if you run a fast-moving restaurant. But, retail environments often want their clients to stay for longer time in their stores, so softer music is more appropriate. A study discovered that customer spent almost 23% more money in a restaurant when softer music was being played.Interestingly, increase in spending came on the drinks bill (which grew by almost 51% on avg), which are the most profitable items in most restaurants. ? Loud or soft Usually, people spend much less time in the environment where louder music is played One article wrote: â€Å"A person is likely to stay in a restaurant playing soft music 20% longer than if the music is loud, with a slight increase in the amount of money spent on food and drinks. For grocery stores, it was found that the volume made no difference on how much money was spent.Another study by Caldwell and Hibbert (2002) found that when slow music was played, patrons stayed for 20% longer but also spent more on food and drink – in fact, up to 50% more. In other words, to keep your customers, keep it soft and slow. And likewise, if you want quick turnover, speed things up and keep it loud. † In bar s, where music is very loud and fast that it hinders conversation, people drink more and drink faster. An academic study found: â€Å"Environmental music was associated with an increase in alcohol consumption. †¦ Forty male beer drinkers were observed in a bar. †¦The results show that high level volume led to increased alcohol consumption and reduced the average amount of time spent by the patrons to drink their glass. † Use of hit songs and unknown songs In business and retail environments, popular music tends to be too distracting, taking people away from the task at hand, and makes them focus on the music. You want the music to â€Å"MELT† in the environment, giving a feeling of calm or energy, but not grabbing the attention of the people. â€Å"Popular or hit† music is too catchy, and causes lower purchasing in retail environments and decreased productivity in offices. The usic that should be played has to be good and very close enough to hit music that people enjoy it, but it must not be too catchy. Classical or chill outs In a study it has been found out that â€Å"Classical music† increases the amount of money people are willing to spend. Normally, people will buy more expensive goods when classical music is being played. MUSIC AND MARKETERS Marketers uses music to reach at own goal in making advertising. Marketers doing in following way: Music Exists In A Context Music does not work alone. It exists within an advertisement with complex visual, verbal, and other nonverbal stimuli.How all of these are perceived depends on the complex interaction of internal (biological) and external (social, cultural influences) factors which also affect when and how musical taste is developed. Music is primarily a cultural and social phenomenon and reflects the values and attitudes of a subculture. Sociological forces affect images and preferences about products that are desirable, and music, if it fits with those images, may enhanc e the following variables: 1) persuasion through prior learning and verbal association, 2) recall, 3) overall ad effectiveness, Preference for the product and 5) facilitation of mental images.The following-discussion will elaborate further on the topic of music as a facilitator of mental images, and its role in advertising, education, communication, psychology, and marketing. The Importance of The Role Assigned To Music In An Ad It seems that the salience of music in an ad will depend on whether the ad is primarily affective or cognitive based (Park and Young, 1986; and Holbrook and Hirschman, 1982), who the target market is, and how well the message communication goal (meaning) of the ad will fit with the music.Consequently, we suggest a tentative hierarchy of musical presence model, to define the role assigned to music in communicating the advertising message. Basically, the degree to which music is assigned a dominant role is revealed by the degree to which it will be in the fore ground, be distinctive, will be noticed, and will be more likely to be part of an affect-based ad. The degree to which music is assigned a less dominant role is the degree to which it will recede into the background, be less distinctive, be less attention-getting, and the ad will be less likely to be affect-based.This model is based on observation of about 60 advertisements on day-time T. V. , and is presented here as way of summarizing the role music plays going from a most dominant and distinctive to a barely noticeable presence, to no presence. Since many ads have a combination of cognitive and affective components, with degrees of emphasis on one or the other, the role of music will tend to follow this degree of emphasis in the advertisement. That is, all things being equal, the more salient the role music has in the ad, the more affect-based the ad is likely to be, and We less salient role music has, the more cognitive-based the ad will be.The hierarchy of musical presence mode l is suggested as follows, going from most to least salient: A. in ads where music primarily carries the entire message and meaning, music will be used in the following ways: 1. When music with lyrics carries the ad's verbal message and meaning, it has been assigned a dominant role in also providing an atmosphere, creating an image, setting a mood, and influencing affect throughout the ad. The ad will be primarily affective-based, appealing to feelings. In this case, music will always be in the foreground, with very little voice-over, if any.Sometimes music composed especially for the purpose of the ad, or a fairly well-known song for example, such as â€Å"April in Paris† (for rich French roast coffee by Maxwell House), can be used primarily to carry the message of the ad. The use of â€Å"April in Paris† reflects the age of the target market, desire for foreign travel, and its taste in style of music; 2. When the lyrics of the song do not carry the ad's message direc tly (the words are about things other than the product and do not contribute to the atmosphere or mood), but the music is in the foreground throughout the ad, and is the primary form of communication; 3. hen instrumental or electronic music (without lyrics) is in the foreground, there is almost no voice-over, and the verbal message is brief and in written form, music has also been assigned a dominant role and will provide the above-mentioned attributes; B. in ads where the message is carried primarily by a voice-over, music is used in the following ways: 1. Music is in the background, very quiet, generally not distinctive, resembles â€Å"elevator music,† and the voice-over continues throughout the ad; 2. The music background lasts for the duration of one or two short verbal phrases, usually at the end of the ad.It is used to emphasize a phrase as in a key brand attribute, or logo; 3. No music. Although most commercials use music, some research has indicated that music may di stract from message processing, and other research supports the facilitating effect of music. While musical characteristics or elements do shape overall musical meaning, a musical selection can distract or enhance message processing, if placed in an inappropriate advertising context, where the ad's intended meaning and the music are not a good.While music may enhance processing in one setting, it may distract in another. Its impact largely depends on how well it fits with the advertisement's meaning, and the audience's level and type of ad involvement. In trying to determine what musical selection fits with what advertisement, a clear communication goal of the ad is required (cognitive, affective), along with knowledge of the intended target market's musical taste, preferences, and if possible, the meanings and feelings associated with particular musical selections.Finally, it is useful to possess an understanding of the musical characteristics or elements of the designated musical selection, as these often affect the above variables. From the musical presence hierarchy model, we note through preliminary observation that the more salient music is in an ad, the more affect-based the ad is. In general, advertising practitioners have used music which was familiar with their target market, and which fit with the ad's meaning. Note that under conditions of high cognitive involvement, music is seldom used, and when used, seldom effective.How, When, Why Music Works In Imagery Production A number of studies find that music is considered as a valid facilitator of mental images. Music also has been used as a stimulus to evoke images in educational and therapeutic settings. Music used simultaneously with words and sounds was found to increase image production. Farnsworth (1976) reports that music evokes very little universally similar mental imagery beyond what appears in all cultures, such as the use of soft melodies for mothers' lullabies.He also states that in western culture most people of the same subculture have similar imagery stimulated when presented with a descriptive narrative with specific imagery using concrete words. These words used to accompany music make for powerful, learned associations, so that when we hear the â€Å"Star Spangled Banner,† we hear the words that go with it and we all tend to have similar visual imagery. Since the same music may not evoke uniform imagery among listeners, there is uncertainty regarding whether or not high and low imagery music can be 1) agreed upon, and 2) distinguished by the type of music represented.Although the designative meaning of music is made up of individual images, thoughts, and memories associated with a particular musical piece (Meyer, 1956), and is therefore frequently individualistic, musicians have often written programmatic music with titles which encourage similar imagery. For example, Mussorgsky used pizzicato strings to represent what he labeled â€Å"chicken cluckingâ €  in his â€Å"Pictures at an Exhibition. † Advertisers of course supply â€Å"labels† with verbal statements about the product (emphasized by music) and/or lyrics of jingles.It appears that prior learning and verbal associations, when paired repeatedly with certain pieces of music, are likely to evoke more nearly uniform mental imagery among listeners. In a marketing and advertising context, imagery impacts consumers' knowledge in many important ways. Imagery systems contribute to a definition of product imagery and affect how a brand â€Å"communicates† with the consumer. Imagery is a process through which sensory information is stored in working memory.Since memory imagery involves sensory and concrete representations of ideas, feelings, and memories, it can allow a visual reconstruction of an event in one's mind which has been experienced before and stored in memory. Among the variables that can produce imagery-in an advertisement are words, imagery inst ructions, and music. Stewart, Farmer, and Stannard (forthcoming) note that in those situations where image advertising uses music, the use of a musical cue provides the opportunity to elicit images, beliefs, and associations.Their forthcoming study's results indicate that music with lyrics is statistically significant in eliciting more image types of responses referring to people, actions, or setting than verbal cues. Findings in this study suggest that the musical cue is a more sensitive measure of memory than verbal product and brand cues. Another example where imagery plays a part in the degree of fit between the music and the meaning of the advertisement is in the romantic, nostalgic song â€Å"I'll Be Seeing You. Used as background for a FTD florist ad, this song may prove effective. However, if paired with the packing up of a seasonal, everyday item like a portable fan, the effect will be somewhat comical. The organization of musical elements remain the same in the song, but the context surrounding the music has changed from a romantic, nostalgic setting (a good fit in terms of imagery) to a more mundane one. Therefore imagery of the product and the ad can be affected by the f t between musical meaning and the meaning of the ad. Music Also Affects Important Mood States.When a person enters in a restaurant, supermarket, or malls for shopping, Customers when enter in shopping malls, restaurant, or supermarkets their walking pace is fast and no product catch their eye they follow their mind set. They usually do not have in good mood due to huge traffic and unpleasant noise. Music not only slow down their pace but make their mood positive which ultimately increase the sales. Music not only enhances recall for a product or an ad through an evoked image, but it may evoke a mood, feelings, emotions, and behaviors.Consumer behavior theorists have conceptualized how consumers' attitudes, affective states, and behaviors have been impacted by moods under central a nd peripheral processing, as well as affect -and behavior conditioning. Variables Affecting Mood Moods can be affected by many different variables. Gardner (1985) discusses studies of independent variables found to induce mood states, such as weather and temperature variation, positive test feedback, finding a dime in a phone booth, winning a computer game, receiving a free gift, getting cookies, and receiving good news and bad news.Participation in activities such as smiling or frowning, reading stories, and recalling or imagining emotional experiences may also induce mood changes. In view of the fact that music is a common element in commercials, and one which has a long history of mood inducement in a variety of contexts, the next section will focus on how music has been used as an independent variable to affect moods, as well as other dependent variables of interest to marketers. For brevity, this section will highlight key studies.Details on these and other studies are in Alper t and Alpert (1990) and Bruner (forthcoming). Gorn (1982) suggests that peripheral influences such as background music used in commercials may become associated with the advertised product (in memory, even if not consciously), and influence product choice through classical conditioning. Mere exposure did not lead to liking, which apparently depended on whether the target product, a pen, was presented with liked vs. disliked music.The second experiment by Gorn (1982) provided support for his hypothesis that when subjects were not in a decision-making mode; the commercial's impact appeared to be more influential in its appeal when presented with musical background as opposed to product information. He concluded that through classical conditioning, the product becomes associated with the positive feelings of liked music. ? Commercial Business Uses of Music in Advertising Business uses of music in advertising date back to the earliest days of broadcast media.In the 1920s and 1930s, mark eters like Procter and Gamble pioneered the concept of linking brand names to distinctive musical and dramatic themes. The approach was used not only in radio ads, but also in programming that the companies developed and controlled. It was later adapted to television commercials and to the enormously popular soap operas of the 1950s. Now music is used in advertising in key formats as a useful tool to sell products. Radio Two characteristics of radio give music a particularly important role.First, the medium is entirely dependent on engaging, creative audio. Second, because most listeners tune into the radio while driving or performing other activities, music helps to focus the consumer's attention on the product. Jingles, which are original tunes composed specifically to support a certain brand, are widespread in radio advertising. They are effective in enhancing recall of the brand name and key selling points. Television and Multimedia Producers of television commercials and other forms of multimedia advertising frequently purchase licensing rights to popular music.They also hire composers and lyricists to create original music. In these media, it is important for music to complement, not compete with, the visual elements of an ad. However, songs and background tunes can be more memorable than pictures and words in establishing a mood or bringing a brand image to life. Branded Entertainment or Product Placement: Rapidly growing in popularity, this is the newest way of integrating music with a business strategy. An original entertainment product, like a music video, is created by marketers to showcase their brand.The idea is to build consumers' sense of connection to a brand by engaging them with music. Coke Studio a big Success for Coke: Music is helping Coke against its competitor Pepsi in the cola war in Pakistan. By sponsoring â€Å"Coke Studio, Coke has gained major market share at Pepsi's expense, according to a report in the Wall Street Journal. Coke n ow claims 35% of market share in Pakistan; Pepsi's market share is now down to 65% from a high of 80% in 1990s which was achieved mainly through sponsorship of cricket in Pakistan.Coke Studio, sponsored by Coca Cola Pakistan, is a one-hour show that features musicians playing a distinct blend of fusion music that mixes traditional and modern styles. Helped by the media boom in Pakistan, the show has had dramatic success since it was launched three years ago. Effects of Music on Shoppers and Restaurant Patrons: According to a research people who heard music while shopping or eating at a restaurant or mall is influenced by the music and it affects what they buy and what they spend.Loudness, pace, rhythm of music effects on how long consumer spends their time in malls and restaurants, how much they purchase and how they view brands or products positively or negatively. Another research shows that departmental stores which play, top 20 music on the music chart, shoppers over 25 of those departmental stores believe that they have spent more time there and purchased more. On the other hand, departmental stores which play soft instrumental music, shoppers under 25 believe that they have spent more time shopping than they have.Therefore, these findings indicate that less preferred or unfamiliar music slows down the perceived time of the shoppers. (Yalch & Spangenberg, 1990). REFERENCES http://www. queenslandnewsagents. com. au/assets/images/MusicConsumerBehaviour. pdf www. musiccog. ohio-state. edu http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Songs_in_advertising http://www. acrwebsite. org/search/view-conference-proceedings. aspx? Id=7166 suit101. com southasiainvestor. com riazhaq. com pakistanlink. org

A Separate Peace Analysis

A Separate Peace Analysis Essay In Knowles novel, A Separate Peace, Gene is portrayed as an intelligent student who is motivated by academics. He is also a thinker that considers a situation from all sides before making a decision. Gene is also a person who follows all the rules and regulations. He always obeys his teachers, studies hard, never misses a class, and makes excellent grades. He does not really enjoy sports, for he is not a good athlete. While in school he lets many distractions such as his friend Finny take part in his life. This leads to his internal wars. Finny is Genes roommate and best friend, who has a completely opposite personality from Gene. He always acts on blind impulse, never thinking about the rules or the consequences. He is also a poor student, for he does not devote himself to his studies. He would rather be playing sports, since he is the best athlete on campus. He lets sports motivate him and wants to participate in the 1944 Olympics. During their days at Devon, Gene is motivated by Finnys perfect grace and coordination. Gene begins to adore and worship Finny as a super hero. He feels his roommate can handle any situation and charm the teachers and classmates. As a result, Gene tries to imitate him and also lets himself be controlled by him. Gradually, Gene grows jealous of his friend. He begins to hope that Finny will get caught and punished for one of his many wild stunts. For instance, when Pinny wore an outrageous pink shirt, he escaped punishment by giving a satisfying reason saying that it was his emblem. Gene wants Finny to be forced down to his level so that he can compete with him and not just lose to him.Gene tries to please Finny. Although he knows that by doing so, he is acting against every instinct of his behavior. In order to keep up with Finny, he jumps from the tree into the river, a daring feat, even though he is scared to death. He also allows Finny to take him away from his studies, which are very important to Gene. When Finny saves Genes life by preventing him from falling from the tree, Gene knows that he should be grateful, instead he accuses him by saying he would not have been up in the tree if werent for Finny. He concludes that he should not feel any gratitude towards his roommate. Since everything seems to come so easily and naturally to Finny, especially his athletic abilities, Gene grows insanely jealous of him. The jealousy is carefully hidden inside until he can stand it no more. He causes Finny to fall out of the tree, crippling him for life. By hurting him, Gene could bring him down to his level. After the accident, Gene even sees himself as Finny. He dresses in his roommates clothes and says, I was Phineas, Phineas to the life. He also becomes the crippled Finny, refusing to participate in sports, since Finny cannot do it. After the accident, Gene is riddled with guilt and shame. During summer vacation, he decides he must confess that he has caused the accident to Finny. He goes to his home, where he is recovering, and tries to tell Finny that he has bounced him out of the tree. Finny refuses to believe the story, for he trusts Gene as his best friend in life. When Finny returns to Devon, he tells Gene that he is going prepare him for the next Olympics. The agreement is that Finny will coach Gene in sports, and Gene will coach Finny in his studies. During the winter, Gene participates in a winter carnival that Finny has organized. He easily wins all of the sporting events, proving that Finnys efforts have paid off. READ: Serial killer Essay But Gene is still not at peace with himself. The war that is raging in Europe, and his internal war, driven by guilt and shame. When the friendship between Pinny and Gene strengthens, Gene gets motivated by Lepers telegram to join the Navy. Gene lets go of Pinny and goes off to find Leper. Gene sees that Leper has gone crazy from the internal conflict. When Leper describes himself as a psycho, Gene is has a fear because he is afraid that this will also happen to him. When Leper suggests that Gene has caused Finny to fall from the tree, Genes fear turn into actions. He reacts violently, kicking the chair from underneath causing Leper to fall. Gene obviously feels threatened that somebody else knows the truth about what he has done to Finny. Returning from Lepers house, Gene joins in a student snowball fight organized by Finny. As they playfully wage a war, far removed from the real world war that haunts them, Gene tries to kid himself into believing that he is at peace with himself. He genuinely believes that there is no longer a conflict between him and Finny because Finny has been brought down to his level. Additionally, Finny has confessed his absolute faith and trust in Gene. Brinker, one of the students, senses that Gene is living a lie. Suspecting that he is responsible for Finnys accident, he then organizes a student trial in the First Building. Finny and Gene are both brought in for questioning. Finny, still unable to face the truth of what has really happened in the accident, tells Brinkerthat he lost his balance and fell out of the tree. Gene, afraid to tell the truth in front of his peers, says he has been on the ground during the accident. Leper, however, is called in to testify. He states that on the night of the accident he saw two figures in the tree, one out on a limb and one near the trunk. When the lowermoved, the figure on the branch fell. Forced to face the truth, Finny is shocked and crushed. With tears flowing from his eyes, he runs from the room trips on the steps. Gene is so ashamed at what he has done and what he has caused that he cannot even help to carry Finny to the infirmary. When Gene is finally courageous enough to enter Finnys room, his friend turns on him. With anger, Finny asks if Gene has come to break another part of his body. Gene reminds him that he had tried to tell Finny the truth about the accident, but was always silenced. Realizing that his presence causes pain so Gene leaves. The next morning he returns with Finnys clothes and toiletries, as the doctor has requested. Finny has regained his composure and tells his friend about the hurt he feels about not being able to help in the war effort. Gene tries to cheer him by making a joke. When Gene leaves feels better about the relationship he has with Finny. The doctor tells Gene that he can return at five oclock in the evening to see his friend after his leg has been set. When Gene comes to the infirmary after his classes, he learns that Finny has passed away. Gene is too shocked to even shed tears. He feels indirectly responsible for causing Finnys death. He also feels like a part of himself has died with the death of his friend. Gene joins the Navy and fights in the war, but his heart is not in it. He cannot even think about killing a person, even the enemy. He has fought one war, his own personal battle and that war ended with a horrible death. READ: Dangerous Mind Essay Gene proves that he has great difficulty getting over the loss of Finny. Even after fifteen years, he has come back to Devon to come visit the two frightening places the First Building and the tree that hangs over the river.

How Should Free Democratic Society Handle Income Inequality Essay

How Should Free Democratic Society Handle Income Inequality - Essay Example The essay "How Should Free Democratic Society Handle Income Inequality" talks about the income inequality which is basically he rift between the rich in a population and the rest of the people who are at a much lower income level. Every country is currently at a certain level of inequality depending on the economy of the country.Basically, income inequality has taken center stage is defining the economies of nations and more so the US. In as much as it is growing, the US still has the best and effective taxing systems where the rich, as well as the rest of the people who fall under lower social status, are taxed accordingly. The rich obviously are taxed higher while the rest of the population is taxed according to their wages. Well, this could be fair and perhaps the road to democracy and freedom but how come the same population with such organized taxing approaches has the highest income inequality in this modern era. How will the government together with its people manage to handle this crisis that rushes to higher heights? Understanding and coming up with solutions to this wide question must be quickly done to solve this disaster. From the history of the US income inequality crisis, Robert Reich claims that he has observed the situation get worse over the years since 1970. This could be the case following statistical evidence on the same. Robert Reich, a former labor secretary stars a movie about the economy of the country since three decades ago and the bottom line of a solution to the crisis is inequality for all.

Corporation law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporation law - Essay Example In her role as accountant, Emma should ensure that the employees, management and the external advisers possess the required skills in managing the business finances. The case scenario indicates that the employee in charge of the accounts was unwell and this distorted all the financial records. Therefore, Emma could have ensured maintenance of all the financial records to enhance effective communication of any information like the Trouble Shooter’s dues and other affairs of the company. As a result, appropriate enquiries could have remained informed on the financial position of the company. As the financial director, Emma could have ensured that the financial records remained updated. The financial director must ensure information on the financial affairs of the company by presenting the current financial viability as well as the impacts related with any further debts (Bosen 2009, p.96). The directors failed in their duty of preventing insolvent trading. At the time of debts, t he company was already insolvent, and Ying engaged in trade with OHS solutions. The law sets out the contravention levels where the directors pay a civil penalty for failing to prevent the incurred debts when aware of the insolvency of the company. Ying new that OHS was insolvent, and he proceeded to trade with the company. According to the Corporation Law, this presents a criminal offense when the directors failed in preventing the company from incurring such debts even after the awareness on the company’s insolvency. The consequences for breaching the duty involve the compensation order where the court may order the director to compensate the companies the equivalent of the suffered loss. This results due to failure of preventing the company from making losses while insolvent. The managing corporation of OHS Solutions could have been disqualified under the justification of sections s206C. In their prevention of breach of duty, directors must account for the fundamental prin ciples. This ensures availability of information on financial affairs of the company and enhances immediate identification of the concerns on the financial position of the company. The company assesses realistically any financial difficulties experienced by the company (Davis 2002, p.403). Failure of the directors in monitoring the company’s solvency as well as the investigation of the financial difficulties and consideration of the timely advice results in breach of duty. The executive director; Satish and non-executive directors; Emma and Ying must have been involved in active monitoring of the OHS Solutions’ financial position. The directors must ensure proper financial records for the company as well as reasonable inquiries to enhance an understanding of the cash flow requirements and financial position of the company. The director must monitor the position of the company to ensure its capability in paying the debts. This requires that the director be remain inform ed on the ongoing basis that rely solely on the financial statements. In the quest for sufficient information of the company, the financial director must ensure they monitor the preparation of the financial records as well as reviewed the company’s capabilities in repayment of debts. The actual steps by the director must ensure proper information on the company’s situation. The director, as in case of Emma, may not be involved directly in

Selection of research subjects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Selection of research subjects - Essay Example population, is to convey the opinion that such disproportional representation is not fair and does not make the most of the diversity available, while bordering on racist inclinations and gender inequality, as well. It also attempts to put forth a convincing argument, with evidences, to uphold the fact that inclusion of the blacks, as well as, the female population would certainly lead to a better prospect for the industry, since to throws up lurking talent, while also paving way for a more balanced research. This not only wipes out grievances that exist in the non-represented part of the population, but also promotes equality and brotherhood. Clinical research is a particularly difficult topic. In most research communities industrial and federal agencies have been, for more than a decade, refusing to obtain information about inconsistent drug effects on patients based on race, ethnicity, gender and age. I will discuss the model development, study design in relate to clinical trials. Also I will talk about the participant factors in general and my personal factors. The last point I will be discussing is the ethnically diverse patients. ANALYSIS SELECTION OF SUBJECTS The ideal path towards success for any industry, is to make the most out of the man power and talent pool available. Under such circumstances, the selection of candidates is a crucial phase. Priority attached to a particular strata or section of the society, while leaving out the others, is often dangerous as it paves way for inequality and further, it does not recognise the talent of the rest of the masses. Our core industry and area in this article, is that of the U.S. clinical research, wherein majority of the individuals enrolled for the research are white males. The very mention of 'white males' highlights the fact that two important sections of the society---the females and the blacks are not very prominently represented in the enrolment. In the Model Development the proposed Model for Clinical Trial Participation was developed based on a literature review and experiences with subject participation. Analysis and use of the model in implementation of clinical trials may be helpful in all research disciplines. The model identifies barriers and issues related to clinical trial participation, strategies that can be used for success, and outcomes for successful clinical trials. A literature review indicated that successful clinical trials depend on certain key issues and factors: study design, participant factors, issues related to ethnic diversity, the informed consent process, and physician factors. Strategies for success are identified in the model to overcome these issues and concerns, and specific outcomes are identified. Healthcare providers across disciplines can use the model prior to and during enrolment of patients into studies. A literature review revealed specific barriers and factors related to the success of clinical trials. The major barriers identified were study design, participant factors (i.e., general and personal issues related to special populations), the

Strategic Human Resource Management Research Paper

Strategic Human Resource Management - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that strategic human resource management (SHRM) is gaining interest as it is said to improve productivity as well as the efficiency of organizations. Practices of strategic human resources management improve the capability of organizations in attaining their mission. Productivity increases from the dispersion of technological improvements which are presently being included in the private as well as public sector organizations. Productivity in the future increases from the way of making use of such technologies by the people (Escola Nacional de Administracao Publica, 2010). Human resources are being considered by organizations to be an exclusive asset which facilitates in offering a constant competitive advantage. The continuous alterations in the environment of business witnessed by the organizations have augmented the significance of controlling human resources (Devanna & Et. Al., 1981; Wright, 1998). Strategic human resource management cons iders people as assets and not costs (Abuqayyas, 2007). Therefore, it can be said that SHRM of an organization plays a crucial role in achieving its success. Nowadays, it is a common practice for organizations to appoint a professional organization or association of human resource through whom the recruiting is done in a particular organization. This makes the process of selection easy and saves time for the organization. People working in such professional organizations possess a lot of expertise in their field and thus are capable of making the appropriate selection. There are particular associations of management who even offer direction in locating the measures of selection for particular situations (Gatewood & Et. Al., 2010). The professional firms assist the organizations to find professionals who are experienced and executives at the top level. The professional firms are kept hold of in order to look for the best-qualified executive accessible for particular positions. This i s carried out only on the basis of an assignment given by the company who is in search of a particular kind of individual. These professional firms do not work for individuals but for organizations. They also offer a higher degree of privacy for job seekers as well as for the employing companies. The quality of these firms is to a large extent reviewed based on the ethical ways of managing the information collected by them in the course of their working operations with the clients.  

Hedge Funds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hedge Funds - Essay Example Most of the hedge funds are devised in such a manner that they are able to generate return for the investors with the rate of return that is generally more than the market return and even in times when the market is not performing well due to recession or some other reason. However, a retail investor cannot invest in the hedge fund the same way as he would have done it for stocks or mutual funds. The operations of these funds fall beyond the control of any government regulation and hence it is mainly at the fund manager’s discretion that the investment portfolio would be designed, what strategies would be employed and which stocks are to be included. The main motive behind devising such a fund was to secure the funds from the market risk and to earn more return. Hedge Fund Management and Skill The management of this kind of investment product requires a lot of skill. The fund managers need to have an insight about the market and the various risk management strategies that can help the managers to cover the fund against probable losses and gain profits out of those risky situations. The managers and the investors of these kinds of funds need to be aware of the types of investment risks that they may come across. Since higher the risk taken higher is the possibility of return, the hedge funds often attempt at taking risks that may not be beneficial for the investors. The capabilities and expertise of management of the hedge funds cannot be determined from their past performances because there are a lot of fluctuations in the way the hedge funds tend to perform. If an investor tries to invest in a fund looking at the past performance he might face a lot of challenges because the fund may not perform as before. Hedge Funds and Luck Often the investors of a hedge fund are confused between luck and skill. The common people think that a particular fund performed well because of the efficiency of the manager. But it is not always the case. It might happen becaus e of good luck as well. Most of the hedge funds do not encounter any kind of restrictions and hence their portfolios are not very diversified. For any risk averse individual it is highly risky to invest because the direction in which the market moves may not favour that particular fund. These kinds of funds often result in a mixed performance which may not be favourable for the investors in the long run. Hence, though the skill level of the managers is extremely important for prediction of the market and for choosing the correct investment avenue, the investors cannot rely on the intuition of the fund managers or their past performance solely. There is a luck factor and there should be a certain level of control of expectations on part of the investors because the markets may change its colour due to any kind of unprecedented event and hence may expose them to a risky situation. Hedge Funds and Insider Trading The agency theory is often applicable in case of hedge funds where the fu nd managers act as the agents of the investors. In most cases there exists an information asymmetry between the investors and the managers and the latter take this advantage for deriving undue profit from the market. Since Hedge Funds, are privately owned, they do not fall under the jurisdiction of any rigid regulatory framework. Thus the disclosure requirements of this fund are also less. Thus there may be problems of insider trading in case of hedge funds. The phenomenon of insider trading takes place when a fund manager makes use of any price

Second Reconstruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Second Reconstruction - Essay Example It was in the American South, where majority of the African American population were concentrated, where racial discrimination was widespread and deliberate in terms of education, economic opportunities, and political and legal rights such as voting. One of these actions was the â€Å"Freedom Ride†. Freedom Rides were journeys by Civil Rights activists on interstate Greyhound buses into the segregated Deep South. It was to test a United States Supreme Court decision that ended segregation for passengers engaged in interstate travel. The riders risked their lives to firebombing, attacks by the Ku Klux Klan, beatings, mobbings, and arrest. Those arrested end up in jails, where they were maltreated and subjected to inhumane conditions while in detention. These rides not only managed to gain public sympathy and support but led to the Kennedy administration issuing a new desegregation order. Taking effect on November 1, passengers were permitted to sit anywhere on the bus; segregat ion signs came down in bus terminals; consolidation of drinking fountains, toilets, and waiting rooms; and lunch counters began serving people regardless of skin color. Before the Civil Rights Act, African Americans were treated as property, and an inferior race, throughout the United States. President Kennedy proposed the civil rights legislation which gained support from northern states Congressmen but blocked by Senators of the South. President Johnson signed the Act into law which banned discrimination based on one’s color, sex, religion, race, or national origin in terms employment practices and public accommodations, and abolished state and local laws which required such discrimination. The movement had a permanent impact to society and the country as a whole. Southern whites had different reactions to the movement, retaliation, acceptance, unsure of their feelings and doubting, and confusion. There were even cases when others were forced to fight against the movement o ut of community pressure. In the end, many of them changed their minds. Albeit the different reactions to the movement by the white Southerners, the local community, the local government, in the church, and even in universities, as Jason Sokol stated in his book â€Å"A Documented Account of How White Students Reacted to the Racial Integration of the University of Georgia†: In the 1960s universities across America pulsed with the spirit of protest. While students at Berkeley and Columbia captured headlines in the middle and late 1960s, they were not the first to revolt. Earlier in the decade, whites on southern campuses rebelled against the orders of distant courts as well as against the black students they found suddenly in their midst. Though white Southerners, as described by Sokol, have â€Å"racial attitudes and behavior frequently revealed a confused and conflicted people, at times divided within and against themselves† (Sokol 2006), the movement changed Southern er’s minds from oppressing and degrading African-Americans, and thus, forever changed their lives. The movement has transformed the South and the nation. Although politicians and community leaders tried with all their might to retain status quo and power in the state’s changing political landscapes, increased social and legal acceptance shifted the balance of political power. African-Americans were given more opportunities in politics which led to the election of a black

Critical Asssignement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Critical Asssignement - Assignment Example Phoneme is considered as the basic unit of sound and phonology is the science of sound. Semantics denote the meaning of a language. In this regard, morpheme is the basic unit of sound to carry meaning. Another major components, which is pragmatics is the study of the use of language. Furthermore, it also deals with the intention behind the utterance. Again, the syntax is another component, which deals with the study of the organization of a language. The intention behind this is to create grammatically correct sentences (Evans, 2009). The implications of these parts or components are to produce a meaningful vocal activity that would lead to the understanding of the expression by the other person. The use of proper components leads to a meaningful communication and would lead to the effective sharing of thoughts and feelings (Byram, 1994). Moreover, it is also essential to considered that language depends significantly upon the situation in which it is used. If the situation is serious and involves the people who are unknown, then it is very likely to use the formal language. On the other hand, if the situation is casual and the people involved are known, then the use of informal language is often expected. It is also observed that people use more formal language while writing and informal language during speaking. Furthermore, language also depends upon the context in which the language is being used. In this regard, it is also been observed that words in different context have different meanings. In addition, it is also to be noted that language is used to understand and access to different cultures in the world. Also, due to the presence of diverse culture, the languages used by people of different culture also vary significantly. Furthermore, with the difference in age of people the language speaks by people tends to differ. It has been observed that the language that a child speaks is different from the language of an adult person. The

Violence in the media Essay Example for Free

Violence in the media Essay Does violence in the media affect peoples social behaviour? A lot of research has been done on this matter. Even though the mass media cannot be solely blamed for the increase in violence this century, it is clear that the development has coincided with an increase in violence shown on television and video. According to the UN Childrens Convention, children should be able to have access to information from the mass media which promotes understanding, tolerance, equality and peace. Children also have the right to be protected, from violent and manipulating media. Even though 187 countries have signed this convention, few countries follow up, and even if they do they have little say about over international mass media such as satellite television and Internet. There was an interesting study on the web, about how many people get offended by violence on television (see below). It shows how many people are offended by violence and sex in the four main programmes. Major effects of children watching violent programs on television are: Children may become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others Children may be more fearful of the world around them Children may be more likely to behave in aggressive or harmful ways toward others. Children, who watch a lot of TV, are less aroused by violent scenes then those who only watch a little; in other words, theyre less bothered by violence in general and less likely to see anything wrong with it. Children, who have been watching violent programmes on TV, often behave differently. A study done at Pennsylvania State University showed that children who had just watched violent, even just funny cartoons, were more likely to hit, argue, disobey rules, leave tasks unfinished, and more impatient then the children who had just watched non-violent shows. It has been calculated that the average 16-year-old in Western society has  seen about 13,000 violent murders on television, and it seems reasonable to assume that this must have some effect on their behaviour. There is, indeed, a positive relationship between the amount of television violence children have seen and the aggressiveness of their behaviour. However, it is hard to interpret such co relational evidence. It may be that watching violent programmes cause aggressive behaviour. On the other hand, it may be that naturally aggressive children choose to watch more violent programmes than non-aggressive children. Lots of people also blame of having a bad influence on children and teenagers on violent computer games. There are two explanations of the effects of violence in video games: The social learning theory suggesting that children will imitate what they have seen on the screen; and the catharsis theory that suggests that violent video games channel a childs aggression and stop them from being aggressive in real life. (Catharsis theory) However observational studies (e.g. Irwin and Gross, 1995) have found that playing violent video games increases aggression in children in the short-term at least so supporting the social learning theorys view. Further Video game violence has more effect on young children, but far less effect on teenagers and no apparent effects on adults. There is, on the other hand, very little research into the long-term effects of violent video games and at the moment, it is entirely speculation of the effects. The media have pro-social effects as well as anti-social ones; if the catharsis theory is correct then it can relieve aggressive feelings and prevent aggression in real life. The media cannot be completely blamed for aggression; there are other factors to be considered that could influence the person particularly a child. Research portrays children as helpless victims of the medias influence but it has been shown that children can critically talk about the media at age seven. The childs upbringing, background, culture and peers could all influence any possible aggressive behaviour. The media alone cannot be blamed for all aggression; other  factors have to be taken into account. What can parent do to protect their children? We cannot fully protect children and teenagers from exaggerated violence on TV, video and PC games. But there are a few options for parents to protect their children. Its been suggested that parents should watch at least one episode of their childrens programme so that they can better understand the content and discuss it with them. Explain questionable incidents (e.g. random violence) that occur and discuss alternatives to violent actions as ways to solve problems. Children also should be taught to differentiate clearly between fiction and real life. Furthermore parents should teach their children not to bully others and make sure that they do not get examples of violence at home or at school. Another option is just to motivate the children to activities such as sports, playing with friends, drawing, etc, instead of let them watching TV all the time. Lots of experts argue that it is essential for parents and teachers to provide children with media education, to enable them to analyse the information around them. Children are bombarded with images and information, much more than they can absorb or understand. Strong influences from media take part in shaping peoples values and views, and it is therefore important that people, from a young age, are taught how to think for themselves and to view the media critically, as well as to respect and tolerate others. Parents should also learn, how to analyse films and to produce videos. They would achieve an insight in how images can be used as a form of expression. Many children and young people know more about computers and new technology than adults. Many adults are not aware what children watch on television and videos, or what images they can come across on the Internet. It is therefore important that both parents and teachers follow up with the new technology in order to be able to guide and protect the children. That simply means that we should be in control of the media rather than the media in control of us. Mass media and technology should be for our benefit, not for our  destruction. To make this possible the mass media have to reflect the communication needs of all members of society, and at the same time be able to protect the individual as well as the society. Sources used: http://www.st-edwards.poole.sch.uk/subjects/psych/new_page_5.htm http://www.abelard.org/tv/tv.htm http://www.duke.edu/~cars/vmedia.html http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/media/violab.html

Importance of Friedns in Life Essay Example for Free

Importance of Friedns in Life Essay Throughout the twenty-eight years of my life, I have had many friends, yet some of them would be called my admirable friends. No one of us can live without a friend. In truth, my friends can be divided into three types: honest friends, caring friends, and bibliophilic friends. My first exciting type of my friends is honest friends. Two of their prime traits are trustworthy and dutiful. They can tell me what the matters are with me even though they may not such good friends after telling. I remembered that when I had to evaluate my listening records, one of my friends said that my first record was terrible. She pointed out my weaknesses, so I could fix them. When I had difficult times, they helped me out and cheered me up. I was so appreciated another of my friends who I had lent money when I was unemployed in 2005. In addition, she spent time to drive me anywhere to look for jobs. This group of friends usually calls me to hang out with them, and we feel really happy together. I often go the mall with them at least once a week even though we cannot find out anything to buy. In short, this type of friends is wonderful for anytime. My second exciting type of my friends is caring friends. Two of their dominant traits are kind and sensitive. They know how to tell me what the problems are by the softest way. Last year, I got into a car accident. One of them came to see me right away after I called her. She had driven me to work and anywhere for two weeks. When my times are hard, they treated me kindly and helped me a lot. I will never forget another of my friends who had fed me for a couple weeks. I also borrowed her $200 at the time I had no job. However, she refused to take it back when I returned. This kind of friends is sensitive to my feelings, and they pay attention to me whether I am happy or sad. We often go out together for dinner or movie. As a result, they are delightful if I share or chat about my problems in my life. My third exciting type of my friends is bibliophilic friends. Two of their leading traits are awkward and intellective. They do not know how to observe on things delicately. By the time I asked my friend that how I dressed, she said that it was too ugly. They are sometimes with me when I have trouble although they are too busy in the libraries or work with their computers. They did not even know that I got into second accident in this January; however, they helped me out with homework from school. I remembered that when grandfather died in 2001, I had not gone to school for a week. One of them tried to write all of my lessons, and another one tried to explain to me those lessons. Nonetheless, they are not the kind of people who like to hang out with. They prefer staying the libraries to going shopping. To sum up, this group of people is satisfactory for a study, but they are not concordant with having fun. In conclusion, my truthful friends, my caring friends, and my bookworms have fulfilled my life with many significant things that they have done for me. I think it is important that we treat our friends well with respect and kindness just like they treat us. I am thankful to have those friends, and I will hold on them forever and ever.

Tissue engineering for skin

Tissue engineering for skin TISSUE ENGINEERING OF THE SKIN (MECH 5510M) LITERATURE REVIEW SID: 200507638 ABSTRACT: This essay is a literature review on the tissue engineering for skin replacement, with regard to the clinical need, approaches various commercially-available products. Skin is undoubtedly crucial in the maintenance of the bodys internal balance also protecting externally. It gets severely compromised in burns, non-healing ulcers, reconstructive surgeries etc. bringing down the patients quality of life drastically. Tissue engineering is a more efficient approach than traditional skin grafting. It is a research area that is forever evolving, where researchers are always working towards one united goal, i.e. to develop in bulk quantities, a skin substitute that can be handled with less care, integrates faster with the bodys natural matrix and costs reasonable. INTRODUCTION: A lot of research has been undertaken in the past to realize that it is possible to generate skin by applying engineering techniques. This is done by growing skin at a faster rate than normal and in an artificial manner4. Skin is the largest most widely spread organ in the human body. Its role is to protect the bodys internal environment from harshness of the external conditions and restrict entry of microbes, by acting as a barrier4. Several situations diseases arise, due to which the skin gets irreparably damaged, thus requiring interventional help in restoring it back to health. Tissue engineering is the application of engineering techniques to develop biological substitutes1. Burns (acute) ulcers (chronic) are the most common conditions which require the replacement of skin. In developing countries (Fig 1)2,3, due to lack of knowledge on safety, a very high number of burns accidents occur every year, and mostly of fatal nature. The fatality is mainly due to pain, infection, loss of body fluids incapability of the body to self-regenerate large amounts of lost skin5. Thus, experimentation in this field was triggered. Many skin diseases, which lead to necrosis, pigmentation problems, also require engineered skin4. CLINICAL NEED FOR SKIN TISSUE ENGINEERING: In most incidents, both the epidermal and dermal layers require replacement. Conventionally, the treatment method involved skin grafting i.e. autologous (self) split-thickness and full-thickness grafting, where healthy skin was taken from other areas of the body and replaced at the injury site. Split-thickness (comprising of the epidermis a part of the dermis) grafting is not a logical method to use, when a large area of the body (>50%) is affected less healthy skin is available. But, it is todays gold standard approach6. Further trauma, due to grafting, can be painful to a patient who is already in a critical state. Also, scar formation post-operatively is another reason for its reduced usage. Full-thickness grafts are suitable to use when the burned area is less than 2% of the total area. These problems could be avoided if skin (of full or partial thickness) were grown artificially and substituted in the place of real skin6. LITERATURE REVIEW: The skin can be broadly divided into two layers i.e. the epidermis dermis. The epidermis is made up of several layers and may/may not consist of extra-cellular matrix (ECM). The layers from surface to deep are: cornified, granular, spinosal and basalar layers. The most commonly found cells here are the keratinocytes melanocytes. The dermis is constituted by GAGs proteins. Within the dermis, fibroblasts are most commonly found8. Several skin substitutes exist for wound coverage in tissue engineering4. It can be broadly divided into temporary and permanent skin substitutes. The table below (Table 1) is a list of all the material options available for skin replacement: Table 1: Temporary and Permanent Skin Substitutes8 Permanent tissue engineering of the skin can be broadly divided into three categories6, 8: Epidermal replacements Generally, using autologous keratinocyte sheets. Replaces only the epidermis, but â€Å"take rates† are very poor, suitable for superficial burn treatment only. Dermal replacements Replaces only the dermal layer. In most cases, it is applied along with an epidermal graft to improve â€Å"take rates†. Dermo-epidermal (bilayer skin) replacements Replaces both the epidermis and dermis. Suitable for full-thickness burns. Skin replacements have two main components i.e. cells and the scaffold. In wound coverage, three types of cells can be used autologous, allogenic or stem cells. Autologous (self) cell usage is the most preferred as it is easily accepted by the patients body does not need incite and anti-immune responses. Allogenic (donor) cells, if used directly can lead to the eventual rejection of the transplant. However, it is used in an acellular fashion, where the donor keratinocytes are removed prior to culturing9. Stem cells have trans-germal pluripotential properties are currently being researched for their poteintial application in skin engineering. Less information is obtained on keratinocyte stem cells. The suggested reason for their longevity is that KSC cycles very slowly and is resistant to mutations8. The type of biodegradable scaffold, either natural or synthetic permits cells to attach onto them and facilitate handling during transplantation6, 9. Rheinwald Green Experiment8: The experiment carried out in 1975 by Rheinwald and Green where human (autologous) keratinocytes were produced in-vitro, proved to be a breakthrough in this field and modified versions of this method are used nowadays. Extracted keratinocytes were allowed to form colonies on a plastic substrate. These colonies expanded to form a sheet. Stratifications arose as the daughter cells, usually at the centre, started multiplying vertically and a 12-cell layer was achieved. To increase the multiplicative capacity of keratinocytes, a feeder layer (comprising murine Swiss 3T3 lethally irradiated fibroblasts) mitogens were introduced to the culture. Epidermal Replacements: A small skin biopsy of the patient is harvested, which is cultured to produce a patch. The full-thickness biopsy of the patients skin is cut finely and enzymes are added to cause disaggregation of the skin into cells. A feeder layer, as mentioned previously, is used to culture these cells in culture flasks. To promote proliferation, epidermal growth factors, enzymes such as insulin, hydrocortisone, cholera-toxin and bovine serum are used. After colonies have been formed, trypsin is added. The KCs are cultured to confluence and later, the sheets are removed from the flasks (using dispase) for use8. The result of this method compared to the split-thickness gold standard is quite poor, as the dermal layer is missing and it depends upon the health of the dermis existing. Also, it is prone to scarring, takes too long, expensive, extremely fragile and has varying â€Å"take† rates6. Dermal Replacements: It was claimed, in 1952, that using only pure epidermal sheets, success would be lesser than compared to those with a dermis10. To accentuate the success of the epidermal transplantation, dermal replacements were constructed. A dermal replacement that covered the affected area with cryoprserved allogenic skin was used minus the epidermal layer was used11, 12. Also, an observation that allogenic keratinocytes elicited more anti-immune response than allogenic fibroblasts, was reported. To reconstruct the dermis, the two-stage Integra application is most widely used now13. This dermis functions as a scaffold for the attachment of keratinocytes and improves vascularization9. Burke et al (1981) developed a dermal replacement, where a collagen sponge was covered with a silastic layer (synthetic). The sponge behaves as a scaffold for the fibroblast cells. This technique was commercialized into a product (Integra Dermal Regeneration Template) 9, 14. A modification to this employed GAGs along with collagen, in the scaffold. Here, a precipitated mixture of bovine collagen fibres and a chondrotin-6-sulfate (GAG from shark cartilage) was freeze dried. This generated a collagen-GAG sponge scaffold, which had a mean pore size. Cross-linkage to strengthen the matrix was done using gluteraldehyde. Finally, the silastic layer was applied. This is available as a product; Integra Artificial Skin (Chamberlain and Yannas, 1999)9, 15. According to Heimbach et al (1988), this is most suitable for burns patients. The concept of using absorbable polymer scaffolds (synthetic) such as polyglactin 910 or polyglycolic acid was the next improvement in dermal replacements. Here, allogenic fibroblasts are enzymatically cultured and this culture is mounted on the polymer scaffold for integration). Due to this, an ECM consisting of collagen, growth factors, GAGs etc. is formed, which stays active even after it is frozen17. This was commercialized as Dermagraft 8, 16. Two-stage dermis application has shown proven results, and now clinical trials are being conducted to examine the applicability of one-stage dermis, such as Matriderm 6. The dermal replacements essentially require an epidermal covering. Dermo-Epidermal Replacements: These are available both as autologous or off-the-shelf products. In autologous DED replacements, both keratinocytes and fibroblasts are harvested from the patient and are added to the collagen-GAG scaffold. Cultivation of this in culture medium is for around four weeks. This is a more permanent solution 6, 18, 19. The first model of todays Apligraf was done by Bell et al (1979)20. DEDs use human keratinocytes fibroblast cells (allogenic) within a scaffold. Morphological studies after using Apligraf reported the presence of a well-defined epidermis, with all four layers, as in the natural skin, and seeded allogenic fibroblasts aligned in a normal manner within the collagen matrix 8, 21. COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE PRODUCTS: CONCLUSION FUTURE AIMS: Tissue engineering of the skin was the first to be approved by the FDA has evolved a great deal, from the first application of only cultured keratinocytes to the use of biological skin substitutes. Research is still in-progress to develop skin in bulk quantities, mainly for burns patients, and to mimic all the mechanical and properties and functions of the natural skin. The state of the art results can be achieved now by using cultured keratinocyte cells with the dermal replacement, Integra, in full-thickness, small and clean wounds. This has shown optimal results in cosmesis and wound closure8. However, this branch of tissue engineering is still very much in a developing level. Studies to analyse how to reduce various risks in patients, who receive donor cells should be done. Also, a main difficulty is in getting the cells to attach to the dermis, post-transplantation. Burns patients are highly susceptible to various problems, thus there is a need for materials that present lower risk than animal/human materials. Mainly, it is ideal if the graft starts to behave like natural skin soon after grafting, which is possible only with rapid vascularization and cell implantation. Also, low expense of these products is extremely desirable. REFERENCES: Nerem R M. 1992. Tissue engineering in the USA. Medical Biological Engineering Computing, Vol 30, pp. CE8-CE 12. Burn Incidence and Treatment in the United States: 1999 Fact Sheet (The Burn Foundation, Philadelphia, 1999). Rose, J. K. Herndon, D. N. Advances in the treatment of burn patients. Burns 23 (suppl. 1), S19-S26 (1997). McNeil S. 2007. Progress and opportunities for tissue-engineered skin. Nature. Vol 445 (22), pp. 874-880. Pomahac B, T. Svensjà ¶, F. Yao, H. Brown and E. Eriksson. 1998. Critical Reviews in Oral Bioogy and Medicine. Vol9; pp. 333-344. Bottcher-Haberzeth S, T Bedermann, E Reichmann. 2009. Tissue engineering of skin. Burns, doi:10.1016/j.burns.2009.08.016 Burn Injury Occurrence is higher in Developing Countries. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn Price R, E Anthony, S Myers and H Navsaria. Chapter 17: Tissue engineering for Skin Transplantation. In: Clemens van Blitterswijk, Peter Thomsen, Anders Lindahl, Jeffrey Hubbell, David F. Williams, Ranieri Cancedda, Joost D. de Bruijn and Jà ©rà ´me Sohier eds., Tissue Engineering. Elsevier Inc, Pp. 507-532. Morgan J R, R L Sheridian, R G Tompkins, M L Yarmush and J F Burke. 2004. Chapter 7: Applications of Materials in Medicine, Biology and Artificial Organs (7.12). In: B D Ratner, A S Hoffman, F J Schoen and J E Lemons eds., Biomaterials Science. Elsevier Academic Press, pp. 602-614. Billingham, R.E. and Reynolds, J. 1952. Transplantation studies on sheets of pure epidermal epithelium and on epidermal cell suspensions. British Journal of Plastic Surgery, Vol 5, pp. 25 36. Cuono , C.B. , Langdon , R. , e t al. 1987. Composite autologous-allogeneic skin replacement: development and clinical application. Plastic Reconstruction Surgery, Vol 80, pp 626 637. Heck , E.L. , Bergstresser , P.R. , e t al. 1985. Composite skin graft: frozen dermal allografts support the engraftment and expansion of autologous epidermis . Journal of Trauma, Vol 25, pp. 106 112. Heimbach, D .M., W arden, G .D., e t al. ( 2003 ). Multicenter postapproval clinical trial of Integra dermal regeneration template for burn treatment. Journal of Burn Care Rehabilitation, Vol 24, pp. 42 48 . Burke, J.F. , Yannas , I.V. , e t al. ( 1981 b ). Successful use of a physiologically acceptable artificial skin in the treatment of extensive burn injury. Annals of Surgery, Vol 194, pp. 413 428. Chamberlain L J, Yannas I V. 1999. Preparation of collagen-glycosaminoglycan copolymers for tissue regeneration. In Methods in Tissue Engineering, J R Morgan and M L Yarmush eds. Humana Press, pp. 3-17. Hansbrough, J.F. , Cooper , M.L., et al. 1992a. Evaluation of a biodegradable matrix containing cultured human fibroblasts as a dermal replacement beneath meshed skin grafts on athymic mice. Surgery, Vol. 111, pp. 438 446. Cooper , M.L. , Hansbrough , J.F. , e t al. 1991. In vivo optimization of a living dermal substitute employing cultured human fibroblasts on a biodegradable polyglycolic acid or polyglactin mesh. Biomaterials, Vol. 12, pp. 243 248. Pham C, Greenwood J, Cleland H, Woodruff P, Maddern G. 2007. Bioengineered skin substitutes for the management of burns: a systematic review. Burns; Vol. 33, pp. 946-57. Boyce ST. 2001 Design principles for composition and performance of cultured skin substitutes. Burns; Vol. 27, pp. 523-33. Bell , E. , Ivarsson , B. , e t al. 1979. Production of a tissue like structure by contraction of collagen lattices by human fibroblasts of different proliferative potential in vitro. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, Vol. 76, pp. 1274 1278. Parenteau , N.L. , Bilbo , P. , et al. 1992. The organotypic culture of human skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts to achieve form and function. Cytotechnology, Vol. 9, pp. 163 171. Apligraf Structure vs. Skin Structure. Available from: http://www.organogenesis.com/images/apligraf_main3.jpg Fig. 3, Collagen GAG scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. Pek et al, 2004, Biomaterials. Available from: http://web.mit.edu/dmse/csg/Tissue_Regeneration.html Fig. 3, Collagen GAG scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. OBrien et al, 2004, Biomaterials. Available from:http://web.mit.edu/dmse/csg/Tissue_Regeneration.html

Journeys End by RC Sheriff Essay -- Sherriff Journeys end essays

Sherriff's "Journey's End" On many occasions throughout the book of the play of "Journeys End", Sherriff uses methods to re-create the overwhelming stress of trench warfare. He describes every aspect of the trenches, the guns and the whole life. With this understanding of the trenches, the audience are helped in imagining what it must have been like to live there. In the play, all the narrative writing in the book has had to have been left out. Instead the directors must rely more on the acting and the scenery, which is not to do with Sherriff's work and vision. However the directors of these plays have to get the scenery correct if they are going to make the audience understand the unbearable stress suffered by the soldiers. Sherriff gives good guidance to the directors in the large columns of narratives, which have already been mentioned. With these the directors can strategically set the scenery in certain position to gain maximum effect while also having the benefit of knowing what the stage is meant to look like adding to the overall effects. The main way in which Sherriff re-creates the stress of warfare is in his large chunks of narrative. These are found on many pages throughout the book. He uses these to describe all about the lives of the men and the feelings of everyone. An example of this is on the first page where he introduces a very full-characterised captain. Of course these passages help the directors to grasp some aspect of the way the stage should look but also allows the reader to get his or her own picture in her head. With so many descriptive words throughout the book, it is hard not to imagine the front line in one way or another. This method is very effective as it does give ... ...the end of the book he re introduces Stanhope as an inspiration and tries to please him in many ways. Raleigh uses Stanhope has an idle to get him through the stress. The other way in which he looks to avoid the stress is by sending letters to his family, and having general conversations like the one with Osborne where Raleigh finds out Osborne played rugby for England. Other generalised ways in which the men in the book deal with the stress is through patriotism. Frequent jokes are made about the Germans and many of the troops, including officers only stay and fight because they feel the Germans are doing the world an injustice. Many of the men believe they are fighting for the safety of Britain and their families. The silence of the war is frequently mentioned throughout the book and many of the men gather in unity and sing songs to banish the quiet.

True Meaning of Love Revealed in Snow Falling on Cedars Essay -- Snow

True Meaning of Love Revealed in Snow Falling on Cedars      Ã‚  Ã‚   David Guterson's novel, Snow Falling on Cedars, is one that covers a number of important aspects in life, including some controversial topics like racism and the Japanese internment during America's involvement in the Second World War. It speaks to this reader on a more immediate and personal level, however, through the playing out of Ishmael and Hatsue's relationship-one which Hatsue seems to be able to walk away from, but which shapes the way Ishmael tries to "live" his life because he cannot let go of the past, or a future that is not, and was not meant to be.    Ishmael never recovers from the severance of his romantic relationship with Hatsue because of the type of relationship that it was for him, and that it was not for Hatsue. During the internment, Hatsue realized that she "loved him and at the same time couldn't love him" (231). For Hatsue, the relationship was a friendship that grew into something it was not meant to; something she did not expect, yet allowed to continue because she could not decide if it was right or wrong. Ishmael, on the other hand, was in love. His was not a passionate lust, or a romantic love, but what true love is: an action, a decision, yet something beyond his control. For Ishmael also, the friendship grew into something unexpected, but for him it was a discovery that "[a]fter all these years that we've been together, I find you're a part of me. Without you, I have nothing" (222). Ishmael's relationship with Hatsue was something he had to hold on to, because it was all that he had.    During the War, after Ishmael's return, and throughout the trial of Kabuo, Hatsue's husband, Ishmael struggles with his feelings, hi... ... is not something that can be defined, controlled, or conquered. But through Ishmael, Guterson reveals to his reader that it is possible to love someone without letting one's passions destroy life when that relationship is not meant to be, and never will. There is a reason to hope for something greater, something more in life than a dream that will never come true. This reader would like to believe Ishmael will never stop loving Hatsue because his love is true love, which, like God Who is Love (1 John 4:7) never changing. But Ishmael learns to see that loving Hatsue means moving on with his life and doing what Hatsue always knew, and what he now realizes, are the great things he is destine to do in life.    Work Cited: Guterson, David. Snow Falling on Cedars. New York: Vintage, 1995. New American Standard Bible. Reference ed. Chicago: Moody Press, 1975. True Meaning of Love Revealed in Snow Falling on Cedars Essay -- Snow True Meaning of Love Revealed in Snow Falling on Cedars      Ã‚  Ã‚   David Guterson's novel, Snow Falling on Cedars, is one that covers a number of important aspects in life, including some controversial topics like racism and the Japanese internment during America's involvement in the Second World War. It speaks to this reader on a more immediate and personal level, however, through the playing out of Ishmael and Hatsue's relationship-one which Hatsue seems to be able to walk away from, but which shapes the way Ishmael tries to "live" his life because he cannot let go of the past, or a future that is not, and was not meant to be.    Ishmael never recovers from the severance of his romantic relationship with Hatsue because of the type of relationship that it was for him, and that it was not for Hatsue. During the internment, Hatsue realized that she "loved him and at the same time couldn't love him" (231). For Hatsue, the relationship was a friendship that grew into something it was not meant to; something she did not expect, yet allowed to continue because she could not decide if it was right or wrong. Ishmael, on the other hand, was in love. His was not a passionate lust, or a romantic love, but what true love is: an action, a decision, yet something beyond his control. For Ishmael also, the friendship grew into something unexpected, but for him it was a discovery that "[a]fter all these years that we've been together, I find you're a part of me. Without you, I have nothing" (222). Ishmael's relationship with Hatsue was something he had to hold on to, because it was all that he had.    During the War, after Ishmael's return, and throughout the trial of Kabuo, Hatsue's husband, Ishmael struggles with his feelings, hi... ... is not something that can be defined, controlled, or conquered. But through Ishmael, Guterson reveals to his reader that it is possible to love someone without letting one's passions destroy life when that relationship is not meant to be, and never will. There is a reason to hope for something greater, something more in life than a dream that will never come true. This reader would like to believe Ishmael will never stop loving Hatsue because his love is true love, which, like God Who is Love (1 John 4:7) never changing. But Ishmael learns to see that loving Hatsue means moving on with his life and doing what Hatsue always knew, and what he now realizes, are the great things he is destine to do in life.    Work Cited: Guterson, David. Snow Falling on Cedars. New York: Vintage, 1995. New American Standard Bible. Reference ed. Chicago: Moody Press, 1975.

Software Piracy Essay -- Illegal Computer Software Program Distributio

Software Piracy Software piracy is the illegal reproduction and distribution of software applications, whether it is for personal use or business. In society today, Internet users are obtaining millions of dollars in software illegally. Piracy includes the illegal copying of programs, counterfeiting and distributing software, and even sharing a program with a friend. Software has become such an important productivity tool, the illegal copying and distribution of software piracy persists globally. In fact, in the United States is one in four software programs that is unlicensed. According to the Business Software Alliance (BSA), more than 800,000 web sites illegally sell or distribute software (Microsoft.com). There are many types of software piracy such as uploading and downloading, softlifting, counterfeiting, OEM bundling, hard disk loading and renting. By having familiarity with them can protect you from any connection. Softlifting is purchasing a licensed copy of software and uploading it on several computers against the license terms. Some examples of softlifting are sharing software with friends, co-workers and others. Uploading and downloading is another form of piracy, such as when making unauthorized copies of copyrighted software available to end users connected by a modem to online service providers and or the Internet. Another one is software counterfeiting which is illegal duplicating and selling copyrighted software and a form designed to make it appear legitimate. OEM bundling is selling stand alone software that was intended to be bundled with specific accompanying hardware. Hard disk loading is installing unauthorized copies of software onto the hard disks of personal com puters, often as an incentive for th... ...t the economic implications of software piracy and software copyrights. Other analysts feel that copyright enforcement should be increased by implementing more efforts to prosecute pirates ( Parsons 165). Survey about Software Piracy Survey questions on Software Piracy YES NO 1. Do you know what software piracy actually is? 15 10 2. Do you know the negative effects of software piracy? 8 12 3. Do you even care about software piracy? 16 9 4. Do you feel that the media discusses the issue of software piracy? 7 13 Works Cited www.microsoft.com www.aladdin.com Computer Concepts. New Perspectives. June Parsons. Course Technology. 5 Feb 2003.

The Need to Study English as a Foreign Language

WHY DO WE STUDY ENGLISH It is necessary to study at least one foreign language today. That’s why pupils have got such subject as a foreign language at school. The problem of learning foreign languages is very important today. Foreign languages are socially demanded especially at the present time. We know that the progress in science and technology has led to an explosion of knowledge and has contributed to an overflow of information. The total knowledge of mankind is known to double every seven years. Foreign languages are needed as the main and the most efficient means of information exchange of the people of our planet. Today English is the language of the world. English isn’t only the national or official language of some thirty states, which represent different cultures, but it is also the major international language of communication in such areas as science, technology, business and mass entrainment. English is one of the official languages of the United Nations Organization and other political organizations. It is the language of literature, education, modern music and international tourism. I learn English because I understand that I can use it. As I’m going to work in the sphere of management in Electronic Equipment Trade, I think that it is very important for a specialist of high qualification to speak at least one foreign language. English is extremely necessary as it is the most popular language of international business communication. I learn English because I want to read foreign literature in the original. Besides, the English language is the language of the great literature. A lot of modern literature and many new films in English come out every year. If you know English, you can understand them without translation. No wonder that most educated people speak English fluently. I like to travel, but it is difficult to visit new places, when you don’t know the language of these countries. And it is much easier to travel when you know the language. If I want to ask something, I can do it in English. Today, one person in seven of the world’s population either knows English or learns it. So a modern and a cultured person must learn foreign languages.

Childhood Is the Best Time of Ones Life Essay

childishness is for certain the crush beat in iodins life. Do you agree? fix you ever thought about the happiest ramify of your life? M each raft impart probably agree that puerility is the best time of is life. entirely non e actually childhood is happy. whatever children may be innate(p) in a poor family or beneath such circumstances that make their lives bad. In my opinion, childhood is the happiest time of a somebodys life in roughly cases. The first reason is when we were kids, we had no righteousness or problem to think about. We had much time to play with toys and friends, we were treated same kings and queens by our p arents, and we did not harbour the complicated and heavy issues. The biggest problem when we were smallish was what color of crayon to choose for drawing. childhood is a period which is associated with fun and play. Children prevail to enjoy life without thinking about the consequences. Kids are considered as the most transparent human be ings.This is because they are not addicted to see the world as the adults do. Secondly, childhood is the best time for us to crystallise knowledge and understand life. When we were young, of course we were longing to try many things. We tried to baby-sit a bicycle, we tried to catch a grasshopper, and we even played with mud and keystone With this adventure, we start to build interests and it gives us the fuck off that we cannot replace with anything. However, when A person is born in a patological family, cant go to school, cant engage how to read and write, cant be intimate new things or cant play with other kids. Or a child has parents who abuse him or her. such childhood is a nightmare of ones life. Fortunatly, cases like this are not frequent and vast majority of children consecrate a happy childhood.To sum up, I do strongly agree that Childhood is the happiest time of a persons life. our expectations for life and other people around us are very simple and would not c ause any trouble. The childhood time is the best time in life, the experiences we have been through are irreplaceable and we will cherish in our mind.

How Does Movement Contribute to the Development of the Child

How does relocation return to the development of the tyke? The capacity to pop off tally to will is what distinguishes man and animals from the vegetable world. hunting expedition is an essential part of life story and it helps to create the marrow for subjecting question impulses to the will. The more developed a pip-squeak is, the more obedient are his instrument of motion to his will. Nature t individuallyes the kid how to move about. The movement of the nipper while growing is different in each stage of his development. The sisterren have different need for moving. These changes in attitude come by themselves and are free-lance of any educational influence.The proportions of the body of a pincer changes while his growth and it is necessary to observe their voluntary movements in order to help them grow into their lavish potential. Even the way they take a sopor between their continual movements differ from age to age. In Montessori schools the children are provi ded with small rugs or little tables, according to their need for moulding on the ground or seated. By a habit of work, a child learns to move his hands and arms o fix his muscles more than he does through ordinary gymnastics. The work is refreshing and not tiring to a child, because of the bet he takes in all his movements.Work is a essential exercise, since the child will have some object for his movements. In Montessori schools, the objects that are used for practical life of a child have no scientific purpose. The number of these objects depends on the resources of the school and the time the child spends in the school each day. If the school has a garden, weeding the plants, gathering the ripe fruits etc can be an kindle work for the child. Likewise, setting the table, serving the meals, eating properly, washables the cups and plates, polishing the shoes, tidying the classroom etc also will contribute to the practical exercise for the child.The teacher should open up the way for the children to do the work and should never discourage them through lack of confidence. The capacity for work of a child should not be estimated according to his age, he should be given a chance to taste himself. Importance should be given to condition a child in movement, practical activities are entirely external incentive to educational process, they provides a penury and urge the child to organize his movements. It is important to educate a child in movement and we should discern that practical activities provide a motive to the child to organise his movements.